Understanding How The Brain Works

Essential question

What are the essential parts of the brain, and how does the brain send and receive messages?

Learning intention

Explain how the developing brain sends and receives messages.

Lesson vocabulary

Neuron - cells of the nervous system, including the brain
Synapse - the space between two neurons, where neurons use chemical and electrical signals to communicate with each other
Synaptic pruning - the process of removing synapses, or brain connections
Myelin - a substance that wraps around part of the neuron to help neurons communicate more efficiently with each other
Myelination - the process of adding myelin to neurons

Lesson materials

Neuron Printable

Lesson slides

Playdough

crayons

paper

Lesson standards - CDC National standards by grade level

1.5.1, 1.5.2, 1.5.3

2.5.2, 2.5.3, 2.5.5, 2.5.6

4.5.2, 4.5.3 

5.5.2, 5.5.3

6.5.1, 6.5.2

Lesson plan

Introduction (~10 minutes)
Say: Work with the person to your right to record everything you know about your brain. Allow 5 minutes. When done,  record responses on board.  Ask: How do you think your brain changes and grows as you get older?  record responses on board.  Group any similar response.  You are going to watch a video that will introduce you to the brain. Record three to five facts about your brain while watching the video.
(Slide 9) Watch: A tour of the Brain

Turn and Talk (~10 minutes)
Say: Now that you have identified some facts about the brain, share with the person on your right what stuck with you. Compare the information from the video to the students original responses.

Call on pairs to share responses. Record answers on an anchor chart.

Say: When you take care off your brain, your brain learns by making healthy choices. Can you remeber some healthy tips from the video? (eat healthy foods, sleep, excercise)

Allow 5 minutes to record all responses on an anchor chart. Say, “Now that we have learned about the parts of the brain, let's watch a video about how you use your brain.

(Slide 12) Watch: Sci show kids about the brain.

Video recap: Can anyone share which part of the brain helps make good decisions?”  Yes, the prefrontal cortex.  This is an extraordinary part of the brain that is the last area to develop.  It is not fully developed until around 24 or 25 years old.  Put your hand on your forehead.  Behind your hand is the prefrontal cortex.  Which part is behind my hand?  When does it develop? 

A superhighway of connections ensures that all your brain's messages get to the correct place. Do you know how these signals are sent? Neurons send them. 

(Slide 13) - Explain that the brain has a unique way of communicating. It communicates and learns through neurons. Neurons send and receive messages. They are the building blocks that make up our brains. 

(Slide 14) What does that look like to an everyday kid?  Review the slide.

(Slide 15) The brain can send a message.  What is the brain telling the soccer player to do? Kick the ball. Can you give another example of messages your brain sends?

(Slide 16) The brain can also receive messages.  What message is the boy receiving?  Can you provide another example of a message you might receive?

(Slide 17) - Let’s zoom in: Zoom in on the parts of the neuron.  Explain that neurons communicate using chemicals and electrical signals between the dendrites and the axon terminals.

(Slide 19) - Look at neurons A and B.  Neuron A sends a message down the axon and attaches to Neuron B’s dendrite receptors. This occurs in the gap between the two neurons and is called a synapse. Synapses convert an electrical signal into a chemical signal and then back.
(Slide 20)Watch - ( stop the video at 3:18:00). Review the vocabulary word Synaptic Pruning.  Simplify by reiterating that as a young child, many neural pathways are established, and as adolescence approaches, a process of specialization occurs, and synapses that are not used are removed.  Use it or lose it. 

(Slide 22) Recap - once the neuron activity has been completed and cleaned up, review the recap page with the class. 

Activity- Build a Neuron- (~15 minutes) Create and label a neuron by drawing, creating a model using playdough, using craft supplies, etc. See slides 17-18. Ask students to identify the parts of the neuron with a partner.  When done, ask each group to create a scenario where the brain might send or receive a message.  Share with the class, and correct accordingly.  This activity can be modified based on age group. Coloring page, craft ideas. More craft ideas. 

Family Connection - To help reinforce the lesson from the day, have the students choose one of the options from (slide 21).  During the next class, ask them to share their family connection experience.

Essential question

What are the brain changes associated with adolescence? (continued)

Learning intention

Introduce reward processing in the brain.

Lesson vocabulary

Striatum - a structure in the center of the brain that supports learning and responding to rewards. The striatum is divided into the ventral striatum, which includes the nucleus accumbens, and the dorsal striatum.
Reward processing - how the brain learns from reward. The striatum is one part of the brain used for reward processing.
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) - the front part of the brain that supports many functions, including planning, self-control, and social processing

Lesson materials

Lesson slides
KWLH chart (completed from Lesson #1 homework)
Lesson 2 Review (educators should create their own Google Form distribution links)
Coloring worksheet (physical copies)
Technology Use LogKWLH chart

Lesson plan

Share (~15 minutes)
Ask students to present their hyperdoc findings and have open discussion about the KWLH charts that they completed for homework.

Review (~12 minutes)
Say: Let’s review what you have learned about the adolescent brain. Complete the Google Form about what stuck with you from the previous lesson. After you have completed the Google Form, please work on the coloring worksheet.

After students complete their worksheets, have them share with their neighbors and compare what they drew and labeled with the image on the slide.

Say: Remember that synapses allow neurons to communicate with each other. During adolescence, the synapses that aren’t used enough are pruned away. Also remember that adding myelin to a neuron helps it communicate more efficiently. During adolescence, neurons that are frequently used are myelinated, so they become more efficient. These two processes, synaptic pruning and myelination, help make your adolescent brain more specialized and expert at what it does.

Watch and vocabulary (~5 minutes)
Say: Today we are going to explore how reward processing affects adolescents.

Play the video and review the vocabulary words on the subsequent slide.

Brainstorm (~15 minutes)
Say: Now that you have learned more about the adolescent brain we are going to make a list of how reward applies to technology or social media.

Record and discuss answers in class. List may include responses such as viewing/posting/receiving likes on social media, kills/successes in video games, etc.

Ask students how the rewarding aspects of technology and social media may drive people, and especially adolescents, to want to use technology or social media too much.

Wrap up/homework (~3 minutes)
Discuss the Technology Log. Explain that the students are challenged to record their technology use for 5 days [or however many days your schedule allows], documenting the date, the type of device they are using, the activity they are participating in, and the amount of time they are engaging with the device. At the end of the five days they are to calculate the amount of time they spend using technology and answer some reflective questions.

In Lesson #5, this will serve as a reflective exercise to apply R.E.C.K strategies to lessen their engagement time.

Essential question

What are the positive and negative ways that technology is used in the world?

Learning intention

Evaluate existing technology habits.

Lesson vocabulary

None

Lesson materials

Lesson slides
Disconnect from Technology Disconnect from Technology Challenge worksheet (physical copies recommended for full technology disconnection)

Lesson standards

CDC National Health Standards for Middle School
1.8.1 Analyze the relationship between healthy behaviors and personal health.
1.8.8 Examine the likelihood of injury or illness if engaging in unhealthy behaviors.
2.8.6 Analyze the influence of technology on personal and family health.
5.8.1 Identify circumstances that can help or hinder healthy decision making.

Florida Health Education Standards for Middle School
HE.6 C.1.8, C.2.6, B.5.1, B.5.2, B.6.1, B.6.3
HE.7 C.1.1, C.1.4, C.1.8, B.5.1, B.5.2, B.6.3, P.7.2
HE.8 C.1.4, C.1.8, C.2.6, B.5.1, B.5.2, B.6.1, B.6.3, P.7.2

Lesson plan

Brainstorm (~15 minutes)
Say: We have learned so much about the adolescent brain and how it is developing, we have also learned about reward processing in your brain and how it is tied into technology use. Today we will explore positive and negative uses of technology.

Have students break into groups to make lists of positive and negative uses for technology.

Share (~10 minutes)
Have students share their lists with the class by reporting out verbally or having students write their answers on a shared chart.

Ask students to discuss what distinguishes positive use from negative use.

R.E.C.K. (~15 minutes)
Say: As we learn about the positive and negative ways we use technology and how the adolescent brain works, we are going to focus on how you can take control of your media use.

Discuss the 4 steps of R.E.C.K. Encourage students to answer the questions and share feedback about each step.

Homework (~10 minutes)
Say: Your homework is to take a 4-hour technology challenge. Choose a time when you would normally be using technology, and go without technology for at least 4 hours. This includes disconnecting from your cell phone, computer, laptop, desktop, tablet, television/streaming, social media, etc. Record your experience on the Technology Challenge worksheet, and be prepared to share your experience with the class.

Take questions and clarify the assignment. Ask students how challenging they think this will be.

Essential question

How does the changing adolescent brain affect adolescents’ technology use?

Learning intention

Evaluate existing technology habits.

Lesson vocabulary

Neuron - cells of the nervous system, including the brain
Synapse - the space between two neurons, where neurons use chemical and electrical signals to communicate with each other
Synaptic pruning - the process of removing extra synapses, or brain connections, that are no longer needed
Myelin - a substance that wraps around part of the neuron to help neurons communicate more efficiently with each other
Myelination - the process of adding myelin to neurons

Lesson materials

Lesson slides
Disconnect from Technology Challenge worksheetChallenge worksheet (completed from Lesson #3 homework)

Lesson standards

CDC National Health Standards for Middle School
1.8.1 Analyze the relationship between healthy behaviors and personal health.
1.8.2 Describe the interrelationships of emotional, intellectual, physical, and social health in adolescence.
1.8.8 Examine the likelihood of injury or illness if engaging in unhealthy behaviors.
2.8.6 Analyze the influence of technology on personal and family health.
5.8.1 Identify circumstances that can help or hinder healthy decision making.

Florida Health Education Standards for Middle School
HE.6 C.1.2, C.1.8, C.2.5, C.2.6, B.5.1, B.5.2, B.6.1, B.6.3
HE.7 C.1.1, C.1.2, C.1.4, C.1.8, B.5.1, B.5.2, B.6.1, B.6.3, P.7.2
HE.8 C.1.2, C.1.4, C.1.8, C.2.6, B.5.1, B.5.2, B.6.1, B.6.3, P.7.2

Lesson plan

Watch and review (~5 minutes)
Say: Let’s review the many changes that take place in your adolescent brain.

Vocabulary review (~5 minutes)
Review the vocabulary words from the video/lesson #1

Brainstorm (~10 minutes)
Ask the students to relate their changing brains to their technology use.

Engage (~30 minutes)
Say: Today we will review how your technology challenge went.

Break students into groups to answer the following questions, then share out as a class:

• Were you able to complete the Disconnect from Technology Challenge?
• What was difficult about going without technology? Give examples.
• Describe any feelings you had when completing the challenge or what drove you to quit the challenge.
• Reflecting on the video, can you verbalize a connection between the adolescent brain and why you may have found it difficult to complete the 4-hour challenge?

Essential question

What did we learn in this module?

Learning intention

Review and synthesize the lessons from this module.

Lesson vocabulary

None

Lesson materials

Lesson slides
Technology Use Log (completed from Lesson #2 homework)
Art supplies if students choose to make collages

Lesson standards

CDC National Health Standards for Middle School
1.8.1 Analyze the relationship between healthy behaviors and personal health.
1.8.2 Describe the interrelationships of emotional, intellectual, physical, and social health in adolescence.
1.8.8 Examine the likelihood of injury or illness if engaging in unhealthy behaviors.
2.8.6 Analyze the influence of technology on personal and family health.
5.8.1 Identify circumstances that can help or hinder healthy decision making.

Florida Health Education Standards for Middle School
HE.6 C.1.2, C.1.8, C.2.5, C.2.6, B.5.1, B.5.2, B.6.1, B.6.3
HE.7 C.1.1, C.1.2, C.1.4, C.1.8, B.5.1, B.5.2, B.6.1, B.6.3, P.7.2
HE.8 C.1.2, C.1.4, C.1.8, C.2.6, B.5.1, B.5.2, B.6.1, B.6.3, P.7.2

Lesson plan

Share: Technology Use Log (~10 minutes)
Have students share their total technology use time over the time that they kept the log. Educators can create a Google Form for students to enter their times and generate a graph, use free polling software such as Mentimeter to display a graph, or draw a horizontal line on the board labeled with time amounts and have students draw a mark for their total time.

Ask students to reflect on their technology use and discuss how their brain development affects the ways in which they use technology.

R.E.C.K. review (~10 minutes)
Say: Let’s review the steps of R.E.C.K. As we go through the steps, think about how they relate to what you learned about yourself from your Technology Use Log and the Disconnect from Technology Challenge. How can you apply these steps to change your technology use?

Encourage students to share at each step and/or at the end.

Show what you know (~30 minutes)
Ask students to create a one page recap of what they learned from this module. The following information must be represented:

1. Three facts regarding the physical, cognitive, emotional, social, or psychological changes in adolescence.
2. An area of the brain where reward processing occurs.
3. An example of how reward processing drives technology use.
4. Two ways to self-monitor technology use.

Tell students that they will present their work at the end of class.